Yoshiharu Uno, M.D., Ph.D.

Low pH of the large intestine is associated with IBD.
 

So, what are microorganisms that grow in low pH?

Candida is suspected.
 

 If very low pH (2-4) in the intestine is continued, almost all of the intestinal flora may be disappeared, and candida will be dominant.



 

The relationship between Candida and IBD has been reported.

１）Fungal Signature in the Gut Microbiota of Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Chehoud C, Albenberg LG, Judge C, Hoffmann C, Grunberg S, Bittinger K, Baldassano RN, Lewis JD, Bushman FD, Wu GD.

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015 Aug;21(8):1948-56.

２）[Studies on the influence of Candida fungal colonization on the healing process of inflammatory lesions in the colon in rat animal model].

Zwolińska-Wcisło M, Brzozowski T, Budak A, Sliwowski Z, Drozdowicz D, Kwiecień S, Trojanowska D, Rudnicka-Sosin L, Mach T, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW, Targosz A.

Przegl Lek. 2007;64(3):124-9.

３）Cotton wool-like plaques due to Candida in ulcerative colitis.

Fujino Y, Takaoka Y, Muguruma N, Kagawa M, Okahisa T, Sakaki M, Takayama T.

Endoscopy. 2015;47 Suppl 1 UCTN:E61. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1390841.

４）Serum concentration of interleukin 10, anti-mannan Candida antibodies and the fungal colonization of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Ksiadzyna D, Semianow-Wejchert J, Nawrot U, Wlodarczyk K, Paradowski L.

Adv Med Sci. 2009;54(2):170-6. 

５）[Candidiasis in the experimental model of ulcerative colitis].

Zwolińska-Wcisło M, Sliwowski Z, Drozdowicz D, Kwiecień S, Mazurkiewicz-Janik M, Trojanowska D, Rudnicka-Sosin L, Mach T, Budak A, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW.

Folia Med Cracov. 2007;48(1-4):71-84.

６）[Studies on the influence of Candida fungal colonization on the healing process of inflammatory lesions in the colon in rat animal model].

Zwolińska-Wcisło M, Brzozowski T, Budak A, Sliwowski Z, Drozdowicz D, Kwiecień S, Trojanowska D, Rudnicka-Sosin L, Mach T, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW, Targosz A.

Przegl Lek. 2007;64(3):124-9. 

７）Fungal spondylodiscitis in a patient with ulcerative colitis - case report.

Lukjanowicz M, Ostanek L, Bohatyrewicz A, Bielicki D, Brzosko M.

Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2006 Dec 29;8(6):708-13.

８）[The influence of Candida albicans on the course of ulcerative colitis].

Zwolińska-Wcisło M, Budak A, Trojanowska D, Mach T, Rudnicka-Sosin L, Galicka-Latała D, Nowak P, Cibor D.

Przegl Lek. 2006;63(7):533-8.

９）Detection of Candida albicans by culture, serology and PCR in clinical specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis: re-evaluation of an old hypothesis with a new perspective.

Kalkanci A, Tuncer C, Degertekin B, Eren A, Kustimur S, Ilhan MN, Dursun A.

Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2005;50(3):263-7.

１０）[The role of defensins in the pathogenesis of chronic-inflammatory bowel disease].

Schmid M, Fellermann K, Wehkamp J, Herrlinger K, Stange EF.

Z Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr;42(4):333-8. 

１１）Determination and kinetics of antibody response to Candida albicans in ulcerative colitis.

Nagy F, Szènàsi Z, Szöllösy E, Kiss I, Varrò V.

Hepatogastroenterology. 1989 Aug;36(4):182-4.

１２）Fungal Dysbiosis in Mucosa-associated Microbiota of Crohn's Disease Patients.

Liguori G, Lamas B, Richard ML, Brandi G, da Costa G, Hoffmann TW, Di Simone MP, Calabrese C, Poggioli G, Langella P, Campieri M, Sokol H.

J Crohns Colitis. 2015 Nov 15. pii: jjv209. [Epub ahead of print]